Soft Tissue Repair and Healing Review. The inflammatory and repair processes are no longer simple events to describe in the light of the ever increasing knowledge in this field. This review is only a brief resume of the salient events associated with tissue repair, with an emphasis on the soft tissues rather than the classical wounds approach. I have covered the electrical stimulation modalities for wound healing ulcers, pressure sores etc elsewhere Watson, 2. Tissue healing or tissue repair refers to the bodys replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue Walter and Israel 1. Regeneration and Repair. The differentiation between the two is based on the resultant tissue. In Regeneration, specialised tissues is replaced by the proliferation of surrounding undamaged specialised cells. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 165 INORGANIC LEAD This report contains the collective views of an. Areas of the human hand include The palm Volar, which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand, located superficially to the metacarpus. Free shipping through Elsevier online bookstore. Shop science, technology and health journals, articles, textbooks, reference books and DRM free eBooks. The inflammatory and repair processes are no longer simple events to describe in the light of the ever increasing knowledge in this field. This review is only a brief. In Repair, lost tissue is replaced by granulation tissue which matures to form scar tissue. This review concentrates on the events and processes associated with the Repair process. The potential for stem cell based therapy to dominate in this field at some point in the future raises the possibility of regeneration of the damaged tissue which would be clinically preferable, but as yet this treatment option remains largely lab based, or at best, experimental in clinical practice. Probably the most straightforward way to describe the healing process Repair is to divide it up into broad stages which are not mutually exclusive and overlap considerably. There are several different ways to divide up the entire process, but the allocation of 4 phases is common and will be adopted here these being BLEEDING, INFLAMMATION, PROLIFERATION and REMODELLING. In addition to the historically established texts Walter and Israel, 1. Hardy, 1. 98. 9 Peacock, 1. X Reactive germinal centers GCs in the bone marrow BM have been described in patients with autoimmune disorders, infections, malignancies, and following certain. Serhan et al, 2. 01. Granger and Senchenkova, 2. Pitzer, 2. 00. 6 Broughton et al, 2. The key information in this paper has been previously published in Watson, 2. Cyberlink Powerdirector Full Version 12 on this page. Overview. A brief overview of each phase is presented here before considering them in any detail. Figure 1 refers to a general arrangement of the phases. Figure 1below is a gross representation of the key phases of the tissue repair process. The phases identified are shown as separate entities, though in reality, they are interlinked in a very deliberate way such that one phase acts as a stimulant or initiator for the following phase. Figure 2 indicates the integrated reality of repair rather than the convenient separate phase model. Bleeding Phase. This is a relatively short lived phase, and will occur following injury, trauma or other similar insult. Clearly if there has been no overt injury, this will be of little or no importance, but following soft tissue injury, there will have been some bleeding. The normal time for bleeding to stop will vary with the nature of the injury and the nature of the tissue in question. The more vascular tissues e. Other tissues e. It is normally cited that the interval between injury and end of bleeding is a matter of a few hours 4 6 hours is often quoted though this of course is the average duration after the average injury in the average patient. Some tissues may continue to bleed for a significantly longer period, albeit at a significantly reduced rate. Inflammatory Phase Overview. The inflammatory phase is an essential component of the tissue repair process and is best regarded in this way rather than as an inappropriate reaction to injury. There are, of course, numerous other initiators of the inflammatory process e. The inflammatory phase has a rapid onset few hours at most and swiftly increases in magnitude to its maximal reaction 1 3 days before gradually resolving over the next couple of weeks. It can result in several outcomes see below but in terms of tissue repair, it is normal and essential. The onset and resolution are swifter in more vascular tissues and slower in the relatively poorly vascularised tissues. The alternative initiators of the inflammatory events include mechanical irritation, repeated minor trauma, excessive heating and cooling plus others that may be less significant in therapy such as infection and a wide range of autoimmune disorders. The inflammatory events are essentially the same whichever route is relevant for the initiation. Proliferation Phase Overview. The proliferative phase essentially involves the generation of the repair material, which for the majority of musculoskeletal injuries, involves the production of scar collagen material. San Diego State University Joint Phd Mba Program here. The proliferative phase has a rapid onset 2. This peak in activity does not represent the time at which scar production repair is complete, but the time phase during which the bulk of the scar material is formed. The production of a final product a high quality and functional scar is not achieved until later in the overall repair process. In general terms it is usually considered that proliferation runs from the first day or two post injury through to its peak at 2 3 weeks and decreases thereafter through to a matter of several months typically 4 6 post trauma. Remodelling Phase Overview. The remodelling phase is an often overlooked phase of repair in terms of its importance, especially in the context of therapy and rehabilitation. It is neither swift nor highly reactive, but does result in an organised, quality and functional scar which is capable of behaving in a similar way to the parent tissue that which it is repairing. The remodelling phase has be widely quoted as starting at around the same time as the peak of the proliferative phase 2 3 weeks post injury, but more recent evidence would support the proposal that the remodelling phase actually starts rather earlier than this, and it would be reasonable to consider the start point to be in the first week. The final outcome of these combines events is that the damaged tissue will be repaired with a scar which is not a like for like replacement of the original, but does provide a functional, long term mend which is capable of enabling quality recovery from injury. For most patients, this is a process that will occur without the need for drugs, therapy or other intervention. It is designed to happen, and for those patients in whom problems are realised, or in whom that magnitude of the damage is sufficient, some help may be required in order to facilitate the process. It would be difficult to argue that therapy is essential in some sense. The body has an intricately complex and balanced mechanism through which these events are controlled. It is possible however, that in cases of inhibited response, delayed reactions or repeated trauma, therapeutic intervention is of value. It would also be difficult to argue that there was any need to change the process of tissue repair. If there is an efficient usually system through which tissue repair is initiated and controlled, why would there be any reason to change it The more logical approach would be to facilitate or promote the normality of tissue repair, and thereby enhance the sequence of events that take the tissues from their injured to their normal state. Human Bone Manual Elsevier' title='Human Bone Manual Elsevier' />ScienceDirect is the worlds leading source for scientific, technical, and medical research. Explore journals, books and articles. This is the argument that will be followed in this paper the promotion of normality, rather than trying to achieve a better normality. The best of the available evidence would also support this approach. If the tissue repair process is slowed, stalled or in some way delayed, encouraging the normal sequence is the best evidenced way forward. Navicular bone Wikipedia. For the bone in the human wristhand formerly called navicular, see scaphoid bone. The navicular bone is a small bone found in the feet of most mammals. Human anatomyeditThe navicular bone in humans is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. Its name derives from the human bones resemblance to a small boat, caused by the strongly concave proximalarticular surface. The term navicular bone or hand navicular bone was formerly used for the scaphoid bone,1 one of the carpal bones of the wrist. The navicular bone in humans is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and laterally with the cuboid. It is the last of the foot bones to start ossification and does not tend to do so until the end of the third year in girls and the beginning of the fourth year in boys, although a large range of variation has been reported. Navicular bone. Superior view. Navicular bone. Inferior view. Fracture of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior is the only muscle that attaches to the navicular bone. The main portion of the muscle inserts into the tuberosity of the navicular bone. An accessory navicular bone may be present in 21. Clinical significanceeditThe human navicular is not a commonly broken bone. Horse anatomyeditThe horse has a sesamoid bone called the navicular bone, located within the hoof, that lies on the palmar aspect of the coffin joint between the second phalanx and third phalanx coffin bone. The navicular bone in the horse is supported by the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and two collateral sesamoidean ligaments. The navicular bursa is located between the flexor surface of the navicular bone and the deep digital flexor tendon, which runs between the bursa and the distal phalanx. The central tarsal bone in the hock of the horse is homologous and analogous to the navicular bone of the human foot, and thus the navicular bone in the horse is a different structure from the eponymously labeled bone in humans. The navicular region is an important structure in relation to lameness, particularly in the front feet, and is involved with a significant disease process called navicular disease or navicular syndrome. Recently much of the original literature concerning navicular disease has been called into question, particularly the significance of radiographic changes as a sole diagnostic criterion. Navicular syndrome may be responsible for as much as 13 of all cases of lameness in horses, but radiographic changes in the navicular bone do not always provide a definitive diagnosis. Newer imaging techniques have shown that damage to the soft tissues in the region may be significant contributors to lameness and that multiple causes may result in visible lameness. See alsoeditGrays Anatomy, 6b. The Hand. 1. The Carpus. Retrieved December 2. Louise Scheuer Sue Black 2. The Juvenile Skeleton. Bojsen Mller, Finn Simonsen, Erik B. Tranum Jensen, Jrgen 2. Bevgeapparatets anatomi Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus in Danish 1. ISBN 9. 78 8. 7 6. Top Rated Foot Surgeons Foot Ankle Institute in Baltimore Mercy. Wheeless Textbook of Orthopaedics. Macrorad Teleradiology Case Report SYMPTOMATIC ACCESSORY NAVICULAR BONE. R. Wayne Waguespack, DVM, MS, DACVS R. Reid Hanson, DVM, DACVS, DACVECC December 2. Navicular Syndrome in Equine Patients Anatomy, Causes, and DiagnosisPDF. Surgical Views. Auburn University. Retrieved 1. 1 January 2. Chapter 3. 2, FRACTURE AND LUXATION OF THE TARSUS AND METATARSUS Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics written by Charles D. Newton, D. V. M., M. S. and David M. Nunamaker, V. M. D. J. B. Lippincott Company, 1. Citing Clinical Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual for Veterinary Technicians, Colville, Thomas and Bassert, Joanna M. Publ. MosbyElsevier, Canada. Navicular Bone The distal sesamoid bone of the horse. The navicular bone is located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges. External linksedit.